Pakistan Journal of Emerging Science and Technologies (PJEST)

The Editorial Note

Dr. Muhammad Javaid Afzal — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The rise of AI is a turning point in the history of scientific research and dentistry treatment. It can do a lot, but its real value comes from how smart and responsible we are when we use it. As we move forward, we need to make sure that our system is one where new ideas are balanced with moral caution, where human wisdom guides technological power, and where working together across fields enhances the foundation of scientific integrity. We can create a future where research is more useful, healthcare is more accurate, and knowledge production is a joint effort between human and machine intelligence by accepting AI as a partner instead of a substitute. The road ahead requires caution, discipline, and a shared commitment, but it also offers great potential to those who are willing to travel it with foresight and responsibility.

The Changes to the exterior and structure of an Aluminum-Copper alloy subjected to laser radiation in an oxygen atmosphere at different fluences

Daniel Yousaf, Shazia Bashir — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Changes in the surface and structural properties in Al-Cu alloy after laser irradiation in Oxygen gaseous environment has been investigated. The specimens were irradiated using an Excimer (KrF) laser (248 nm, 18 nsec, 30 Hz) for various fluences ranging from 3.8 J/cm² to 5.5 J/cm². Surface and structural modifications of the irradiated targets were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) respectively. SEM analysis showed the formation of some laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). XRD analysis revealed that new phases (Al₂CuMg, AlCuO₂) have been developed after laser irradiation in the presence of Oxygen gas. The anomalous trend in the dislocation density and in crystallite size of Al-Cu alloy was observed. The changes in the surface and structural properties are correlated with each other after laser irradiation of Al-Cu alloy.

The Grass Seed Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications in Biomedical Sciences

Saifullah Brohi, R. Ali Arain, A. Jabbar Laghari, L. Ali Zardari — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been an area of research for the last decade due to their exceptionally small size and expansive surface area, resulting in distinctive physical and chemical transformations compared to bulk materials. The application of nano-biotechnology in health and medicine necessitates a strong coordination among physical scientists, chemists, and biologists. The green method was utilized to synthesize stable silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Setaria verticillata (SV) and Azadirachta indica (AI) seed exudates as reducing and capping agents. UV-visible and FTIR spectrometry were used to characterize the AgNPs physicochemical properties. In vitro toxicity testing of Ag-NPs produced from SV on adult earthworms (Lumbricina) showed substantial inhibition (P < 0.05). Antimicrobial efficacy of 0.72µg/mL Ag-NPs was tested against gram-positive (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus anthracis, S. warneri, and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii) suppressing pathogen proliferation. In contrast, the Ag-NPs from AI outperformed in killing all tested pathogens. Due to their thick peptidoglycan (PG) covering, Gram-positive bacteria are less vulnerable to Ag-NP penetration, hence their antibacterial activity was tested against several strains. This study examines how nano-catalysts degrade MB and CR. Eco-friendly NaBH₄ usage. Additionally, kinetic models were used to evaluate adsorption kinetics. This research also highlights how the nanocatalyst affects NaBH4's ecologically sustainable degradation of MB and CR. Additionally, Ag-NPs lowered CR and MB, suggesting their catalytic characteristics might eliminate commercial organic dyes. This research will help formulate eco-friendly bactericides and catalysts for biological applications.

A First Principle Calculations of Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Mn Doped ZnS

Tayyab, Amin, Azeem, Asghar, Babur , Tahir, Anwar ul Haq — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the present research work, a TBmBJ Exchange-Correlation Functional has been utilized to compute the spin polarized density functional theory. Various properties like structural, electronic as well as magnetic have been computed of Zn_{1 – x}Mn_xS (x= 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25%). The present computed values of bandgap using TBmBJ matched well with the experimental results. Due to strong p-d hybridization, ferromagnetic exchange interactions between Mn -3d atom states are studied via S atom and magnetic moments are measured of these atoms. The exchange splitting parameters N₀α and N₀β are analysed to verify the existence of ferromagnetism. Mn doped ZnS compositions display an n-semiconductor behavior. The d-states present at the edge-top of the valence band suggests that the studied materials are very good candidates to fabricate the magneto -optical devices.

The Insight on Mg-doping dependent structural, electronic and optical properties of CaTiO3 for solar cell applications: A DFT study

Nida Khan, Muhammad Bilal Tahir, Bilal Ahmed, M. Sagir — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of pure and Mg-doped CaTiO₃ are examined using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT).Therefore, by employing first principle investigations, one may determine the probable microscopic alteration of the bandgap. In this study, we examine the effects of magnesium doping on the characteristics of CaTiO₃ applying ultra-soft pseudo-potential (USP) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Doping heavier element in CaTiO₃materials can significantly altered its optical and electrical characteristics which enhances the working of perovskite-based solar cells. It was discovered that both bond length and lattice constants in Mg_xCa_1-xTiO₃ were decreasing. Additionally, we observe an intensification in the electrical band gap and Fermi-level also shifted towards valance band. The band gap enhanced from 1.85 to 2.05 eV which indicates blue shift upon the addition of Mg as it is good for solar cells as well as for semiconductor devices. Mg-doping on pure CaTiO₃ changed the PDOS that confirmed that dopant had an effect on pure systems. As a result, Mg-doped CaTiO₃ changes the system's optical characteristics and also qualifies it as a potential candidate for optoelectronic devices.