Machine Learning-Based Essentials Covid-19 Symptoms Identification
Main Article Content
Abstract
The major breakdown of Covid-19 was held in the year 2020 around the world. It is the quickest spread disease found in the world. Its symptoms involve cough, temperature, flu, muscle aches, headache, and many others. This study finds the top five clinical symptoms that would lead to COVID-19 in any person and evaluates with supervised learning classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and voting (ensemble) were used. For the evaluation of this, a dataset from Kaggle was selected with 5326 instances and 21 features. Precision, recall, and F-score are the selected performance measures. Different machine-learning classifiers were applied to find the core symptoms of Covid-19. As a result, cough, fever, breathing problems, attending gatherings, and traveling were the prominent symptoms found in this study.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Pakistan Journal Emerging Science and Technologies (PJEST) in collaboration with Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
K. Yuki, M. Fujiogi and S. Koutsogiannaki, "COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review," Clinical immunology, vol. 215, p. 108427, 2020.
B. Shahzad, A. M. Abdullatif, K. Saleem and W. Jameel, "Socio-technical challenges and mitigation guidelines in developing mobile healthcare applications," Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, vol. 7, p. 704–712, 2017.
B. Shahzad, M. A. Orgun, C. Thuemmler and others, Fundamental Issues in Mobile Healthcare Information Systems, vol. 2016, Hindawi, 2016.
B. Shahzad, I. Javed, A. Shaikh, A. Sulaiman, A. Abro and M. Ali Memon, "Reliable requirements engineering practices for COVID-19 using blockchain," Sustainability, vol. 13, p. 6748, 2021.
B. Shahzad, M. Shoaib and others, "Economical Requirements Elicitation Techniques During COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review.," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 67, 2021.
N. Ahmad, B. Shahzad, M. Arif, D. Izdrui, I. Ungurean, O. Geman and others, "An energy-efficient framework for WBAN in health care domain," Journal of Sensors, vol. 2022, 2022.
Y. Alimohamadi, M. Sepandi, M. Taghdir and H. Hosamirudsari, "Determine the most common clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis," Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, vol. 61, p. E304, 2020.
C. Menni, A. M. Valdes, M. B. Freidin, C. H. Sudre, L. H. Nguyen, D. A. Drew, S. Ganesh, T. Varsavsky, M. J. Cardoso, J. S. El-Sayed Moustafa and others, "Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19," Nature medicine, vol. 26, p. 1037–1040, 2020.
N. Magnavita, G. Tripepi and R. R. Di Prinzio, "Symptoms in health care workers during the COVID-19 epidemic. A cross-sectional survey," International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 17, p. 5218, 2020.
H.-Y. Wang, X.-L. Li, Z.-R. Yan, X.-P. Sun, J. Han and B.-W. Zhang, "Potential neurological symptoms of COVID-19," Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, vol. 13, p. 1756286420917830, 2020.
Çalıca Utku, Aylin and Budak, Gökçen and Karabay, Oğuz and Güçlü, Ertuğrul and Okan, Hüseyin Doğuş and Vatan, Aslı, "Main symptoms in patients presenting in the COVID-19 period," Scottish medical journal, vol. 65, p. 127–132, 2020.
M. F. Pullen, C. P. Skipper, K. H. Hullsiek, A. S. Bangdiwala, K. A. Pastick, E. C. Okafor, S. M. Lofgren, R. Rajasingham, N. W. Engen, A. Galdys and others, "Symptoms of COVID-19 outpatients in the United States," in Open forum infectious diseases, 2020.
X. Chen, S. Laurent, O. A. Onur, N. N. Kleineberg, G. R. Fink, F. Schweitzer and C. Warnke, "A systematic review of neurological symptoms and complications of COVID-19," Journal of neurology, vol. 268, p. 392–402, 2021.
M. Nehme, O. Braillard, G. Alcoba, S. Aebischer Perone, D. Courvoisier, F. Chappuis, I. Guessous and C. O. V. I. C. A. R. E. TEAM†, "COVID-19 symptoms: longitudinal evolution and persistence in outpatient settings," Annals of internal medicine, vol. 174, p. 723–725, 2021.
C. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, D. Palacios-Ceña, V. Gómez-Mayordomo, L. L. Florencio, M. L. Cuadrado, G. Plaza-Manzano and M. Navarro-Santana, "Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis," European journal of internal medicine, vol. 92, p. 55–70, 2021.
Y. Zoabi, S. Deri-Rozov and N. Shomron, "Machine learning-based prediction of COVID-19 diagnosis based on symptoms," npj digital medicine, vol. 4, p. 3, 2021.
M. Soui, N. Mansouri, R. Alhamad, M. Kessentini and K. Ghedira, "NSGA-II as feature selection technique and AdaBoost classifier for COVID-19 prediction using patient’s symptoms," Nonlinear dynamics, vol. 106, p. 1453–1475, 2021.
F. Y. Osisanwo, J. E. T. Akinsola, O. Awodele, J. O. Hinmikaiye, O. Olakanmi, J. Akinjobi and others, "Supervised machine learning algorithms: classification and comparison," International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT), vol. 48, p. 128–138, 2017.
V. Nasteski, "An overview of the supervised machine learning methods," Horizons. b, vol. 4, p. 51–62, 2017.
S. Kumari, D. Kumar and M. Mittal, "An ensemble approach for classification and prediction of diabetes mellitus using soft voting classifier," International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering, vol. 2, p. 40–46, 2021.